Ceramic Biomaterials in Dental Prosthetics: From Scientific Foundations to Clinical Applications

Kamel Earar

`Dunărea de Jos` University of Galati, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 47 Domnească Street, RO-800008, Galati, Romania

Non-metallic biomaterials have become fundamental in modern dental prosthetics, offering restorative solutions that combine biocompatibility, mechanical resistance and aesthetic performance. Among them, zirconia and dental ceramics occupy a key position in fixed prosthodontics, being widely used for crowns, bridges, implant-supported restorations and complex oral rehabilitations. This presentation focuses on zirconia-based ceramic restorations, emphasizing their material properties, clinical indications and technological integration. Yttria-stabilized zirconia is characterized by high strength, chemical stability and favorable biological behavior. Its use as a framework material and as a monolithic restorative option has improved the predictability of prosthetic treatments, while reducing complications such as veneering ceramic chipping or delamination. The role of CAD/CAM systems and digital impressions is also highlighted, as these technologies enhance precision, efficiency and reproducibility. At the same time, the presentation discusses possible causes of therapeutic failure, including inadequate tooth preparation, incorrect framework design, marginal defects, cementation problems and parafunctional habits. Overall, zirconia and dental ceramics represent reliable, aesthetic and minimally invasive solutions, connecting material science with contemporary clinical prosthodontics.

Keywords: zirconia, dental ceramics, non-metallic biomaterials, fixed prosthodontics, CAD/CAM.